主流消息中间件
衡量MQ指标:服务性能、数据存储、集群架构
ActiveMQ
- ActiveMQ是Apache出品,最流行的、能力最强劲的开源消息总线,并且它是一个完全支持JMS规范的消息中间件
- 其丰富的API、多种集群构建模式使得它称为业界老牌消息中间件,在中小型企业中应用广泛
- 性能比较一般,面对大数量高并发的情况容易出现堵塞、消息堆积过多导致延迟
- 适合并发量不高的场景
ActiveMQ的集群模式:
Kafka
Kafka是LinkedIn开源的分布式发布-订阅消息系统,目前归属于Apache顶级项目。Kafka主要特点是基于Pull的模式来处理消息消费,追求高吞吐量(配置不高的单机服务器也能支撑每秒100K的吞吐数据量),一开始的目的就是用于日志收集和传输。0.8版本开始支持复制,不支持事务,对消息的重复、丢失、错误没有严格要求,适合产生大量数据的互联网服务的数据收集业务
Kafka集群模式:
RocketMQ
RocketMQ是阿里开源的消息中间件,目前也已经孵化为Apache顶级项目,它是纯Java开发,具有高吞吐量、高可用性、适合大规模分布式系统应用的特点。RocketMQ思路起源于Kafka,它对消息的可靠传输和事务性做了优化,目前在阿里集团被广泛应用于交易、充值、流计算、消息推送、日志流式处理、binglog分布等场景
RocketMQ集群模式:
RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ是使用Erlang语言开发的开源消息队列系统,基于AMQP协议来实现。AMQP的主要特征是面向消息、队列、路由(包括点对点和发布/订阅)、可靠性、安全。AMQP协议更多用在企业系统内,对数据一致性、稳定性和可靠性要求很高的场景,对性能和吞吐量的要求还在其次。
RabbitMQ高可用负载均衡集群模式:
RabbitMQ核心概念及AMQP协议
RabbitMQ是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器,用来通过普通协议在完全不同的应用之间共享数据,RabbitMQ是使用Erlang语言来编写的,并且RabbitMQ是基于AMQP协议的。
为什么用RabbitMQ
- 与
SpringAMQP
完美的整合、API丰富
- 集群模式丰富,表达式配置,HA模式,镜像队列模型
- 保证数据不丢失的前提下做到高可靠性、可用性
RabbitMQ高性能的原因
Erlang语言最初在于交换机领域的架构模式,这使得RabbitMQ在Broker之间进行数据交互的性能是非常优秀的
Erlang的优点:有着与原生Socket一样的延迟
什么是AMQP
- AMQP全称:Advance Message Queuing Protocol(高级消息队列协议)
- AMQP定义:具有现代特征的二进制协议。是一个提供统一消息的应用层标准高级消息队列协议,是应用层协议的一个开放标准,为面向消息的中间件设计。
- AMQP协议模型:
AMQP核心概念
- Server:又称Broker,接受客户端的连接,实现AMQP实体服务
- Connection:连接,应用程序域Broker的网络连接
- Channel:网络信道,几乎所有的操作都在Channel中进行,Channel是进行消息读写的通道。客户端可建立多个Channel,每个Channel代表一个会话任务
- Message:消息,服务器和应用程序之间传送的数据,有
Properties
和Body
组成,Properties可以对消息进行修饰,比如消息的优先级、延迟等高级特性;Body则是消息体内容
- Virtual host:虚拟主机,用于进行逻辑隔离,最上层的消息路由。一个Virtual host里面可以有若干个Exchange和Queue,同一个Virtual host里面不能有相同名称的Exchange和Queue
- Exchange:交换机,接受消息,根据路由键转发消息到绑定的队列
- Binding:Exchange和Queue之间的虚拟连接,bingding中可以包含routing key
- Routing key:一个路由规则,虚拟机可用它来确定如何路由一个特定消息
- Queue:也成为Message Queue,消息队列,保存消息并将它们转发给消费者
RabbitMQ整体架构
RabbitMQ消息流转
RabbitMQ常用命令
rabbitmq-server
-
启动并后台运行:rabbitmq-server start &
-
停止服务:rabbitmq-server stop
rabbitmqctl
-
启动应用:rabbitmqctl start_app
-
停止应用:rabbitmqctl stop_app
-
节点状态:rabbitmqctl status
用户相关
-
添加用户:rabbitmqctl add_user username password
-
列出所有用户:rabbitmqctl list_users
-
删除用户:rabbitmqctl delete_user username
-
清除用户权限:rabbitmqctl clear_permissions -p vhostpath username
-
列出用户权限:rabbitmqctl list_user_permissions username
-
修改密码:rabbitmqctl change_password username newpassword
-
设置用户权限:rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p vhostpath username ".*" ".*" ".*"
virtual host相关
-
创建虚拟主机:rabbitmqctl add_vhost vhostpath
-
列出所有虚拟主机:rabbitmqctl list_vhosts
-
列出虚拟主机上所有权限:rabbitmqctl list_permissions -p vhostpath
-
删除虚拟主机:rabbitmqctl delete_vhost vhostpath
queue相关
-
查看所有队列信息:rabbitmqctl list_queues
-
清楚队列里的消息:rabbitmqctl -p vhostpath purge_queue blue
高级操作
-
移除所有数据:rabbitmqctl reset
(要在rabbitmqctl stop_app
之后使用)
-
组成集群命令:rabbitmqctl join_cluster <clusternode> [--ram]
-
查看集群状态:rabbitmqctl cluster_status
-
修改集群节点的存储形式:rabbitmqctl change_cluster_node_type disc | ram
-
忘记节点(摘除节点):rabbitmqctl forget_cluster_node [--offline]
-
修改节点名称:rabbitmqctl rename_cluster_node oldnode1 newnode1 [oldnode2] [newnode2...]
rabbitmq-plugins
- 列出当前所有插件:
rabbitmq-plugins list
- 启动控制台:
rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management
消息生产与消费
重要概念
ConnectionFactory
:获取连接工厂
Connection
:一个连接
Channel
:数据通信信道,可发送和接收消息
Queue
:具体的消息存储队列
Producer
:消息生产者
Consumer
:消息消费者
创建项目
创建两个控制台应用程序,名字分别为:
1 2
| BasicConsumer BasicProducer
|
在两个项目分别通过nuget引入RabbitMQ.Client
具体代码
BasicProducer.Program代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; namespace BasicProducer { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/" }; using (var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection()) { var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var message = "Hello RabbitMQ"; var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { channel.BasicPublish(exchange: "", routingKey: "test001", basicProperties: null, body: body); } } Console.WriteLine("发送完毕"); } } }
|
BasicConsumer.Program代码
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; using RabbitMQ.Client.Events; namespace BasicConsumer { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/" }; using (var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection()) { var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var queue = channel.QueueDeclare(queue: "test001", durable: true, exclusive: false, autoDelete: true, arguments: null); var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel); channel.BasicConsume(queue: "test001", autoAck: true, consumer: consumer); consumer.Received += (model, ea) => { var body = ea.Body; var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray()); Console.WriteLine($"接收到消息:{message}"); }; Console.WriteLine("输入回车键键退出"); Console.ReadLine(); } } } }
|
运行测试
注意:先运行Consumer,再运行Producer,可以看到Consumer端接收到了Producer端发出的5条消息
Exchange–交换机
Exchange:接受消息,并根据路由键转发消息所绑定的队列
Exchange属性(交换机属性)
- Name:交换机名字
- Type:交换机类型
direct
、topic
、fanout
、headers
- Durability:是否需要持久化,true为持久化
- Auto Delete:当最后一个绑定到Exchange上的队列删除后,自动删除该Exchange
- Internal:当前Exchange是否用于RabbitMQ内部使用,默认为false
- Arguments:扩展参数,用于扩展AMQP协议自制定化使用
Direct Exchange
所有发送到Direct Exchange的消息都会被转发到RouteKey中指定的Queue
注意:Direct模式可以使用RabbitMQ自带的Exchange:default Exchange,所以不需要将Exchange进行任何绑定(bingding)操作,消息传递时,RouteKey必须完全匹配才会被队列接受,否则该消息会被抛弃
代码示例
创建项目
创建两个控制台应用程序
1 2
| DirectExchange.Consumer DirectExchange.Producer
|
再分别通过nuget引入RabbitMQ.Client
具体代码
DirectExchange.Producer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; namespace DirectExchange.Producer { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Direct Exchange Producer Sample"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using (var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection()) { using (var channel = connection.CreateModel()) { var exchangeName = "test_direct_exchange"; var routingKey = "test.direct"; var message = "Hello World RabbitMQ For Direct Exchange"; var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message); channel.BasicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey, null, body); } } Console.WriteLine("消息发送完毕"); } } }
|
DirectExchange.Consumer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; using RabbitMQ.Client.Events; namespace DirectExchange.Consumer { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Direct Exchange Consumer Sample"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection(); using var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var exchangeName = "test_direct_exchange"; var queueName = "test_direct_queue"; var routingKey = "test.direct"; channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: exchangeName, type: ExchangeType.Direct, durable: true, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: true, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueBind(queue:queueName,exchange:exchangeName,routingKey:routingKey); var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel); channel.BasicConsume(queue: queueName, autoAck: true, consumer); consumer.Received += (model, ea) => { var body = ea.Body; var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray()); Console.WriteLine($"接收到消息:{message}"); }; Console.WriteLine("输入回车键退出..."); Console.ReadLine(); } } }
|
Topic Exchange
所有发送到Topic Exchange的消息都会被转发到所有关系RouteKey中指定Topic的Queue上
Exchange将RouteKey和某个Topic进行模糊匹配,此时队列需要绑定一个Topic
注意:可以使用通配符进行模糊匹配
1 2 3 4
| 符号"#"匹配一个或多个词 符号"\*"匹配不多不少一个词 例如:"log.#" 能够匹配到 "log.info.oa" "log.\*" 只能够匹配到 "log.error"
|
代码示例
创建项目
创建两个控制台应用程序
TopicExchange.Consumer
TopicExchange.Producer
再分别通过nuget引入RabbitMQ.Client
具体代码
TopicExchange.Producer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; namespace TopicExchange.Producer { class Program { static void Main(string\[\] args) { Console.WriteLine("\*\*\*\* Topic Exchange Producer Sample \*\*\*\*"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection(); using var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var exchangeName = "test_topic_exchange"; var routingKey1 = "user.save"; var routingKey2 = "user.update"; var routingKey3 = "user.delete.abc"; var message = "Hello World RabbitMQ For Topic Exchange Message"; var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message); channel.BasicPublish(exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: routingKey1, basicProperties: null, body); channel.BasicPublish(exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: routingKey2, basicProperties: null, body); channel.BasicPublish(exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: routingKey3, basicProperties: null, body); Console.WriteLine("消息发送完毕"); } } }
|
TopicExchange.Consumer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; using RabbitMQ.Client.Events; namespace TopicExchange.Consumer { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("\*\*\*\* Topic Exchange Consumer Sample \*\*\*\*"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection(); using var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var exchangeName = "test_topic_exchange"; var queueName = "test_topic_queue"; var routingKey = "user.\*"; channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: exchangeName, type: ExchangeType.Topic, durable: true, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueBind(queue: queueName, exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: routingKey); var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel); channel.BasicConsume(queue: queueName, autoAck: true, consumer: consumer); consumer.Received += (model, ea) => { var body = ea.Body; var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray()); Console.WriteLine($"接收到消息:{message} RoutingKey={ea.RoutingKey}"); }; Console.WriteLine("输入回车退出..."); Console.ReadLine(); } } }
|
Fanout Exchange
不处理路由键,只需要简单的队列绑定到交换机上,发送到交换机上的消息都会被转发到与该交换机绑定的所有队列上,Fanout交换机转发消息是最快的
代码示例
创建项目
创建两个控制台应用程序
1 2
| FanoutExchange.Consumer FanoutExchange.Producer
|
再分别通过nuget引入RabbitMQ.Client
具体代码
FanoutExchange.Producer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; namespace FanoutExchange.Producer { class Program { static void Main(string\[\] args) { Console.WriteLine("\*\*\*\* Fanout Exchange Producer Sample \*\*\*\*"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection(); using var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var exchangeName = "test_fanout_exchange"; var message = "Hello World RabbitMQ For Fanout Exchange"; var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message); channel.BasicPublish(exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: "", basicProperties: null, body: body); Console.WriteLine("消息发送完毕"); } } }
|
FanoutExchange.Consumer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
| using System; using System.Text; using RabbitMQ.Client; using RabbitMQ.Client.Events; namespace FanoutExchange.Consumer { class Program { static void Main(string\[\] args) { Console.WriteLine("\*\*\*\* Fanout Exchange Consumer Sample \*\*\*\*"); var connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "127.0.0.1", Port = 5672, UserName = "admin", Password = "admin", VirtualHost = "/", AutomaticRecoveryEnabled = true, NetworkRecoveryInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3) }; using var connection = connectionFactory.CreateConnection(); using var channel = connection.CreateModel(); var exchangeName = "test_fanout_exchange"; var queueName = "test_fanout_queue"; channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: exchangeName, type: ExchangeType.Fanout, durable: true, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: true, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null); channel.QueueBind(queue:queueName,exchange:exchangeName,""); var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel); channel.BasicConsume(queue: queueName, autoAck: true, consumer); consumer.Received += (model, ea) => { var body = ea.Body; var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body.ToArray()); Console.WriteLine($"接收到消息:{message}"); }; Console.WriteLine("输入回车退出..."); Console.ReadLine(); } } }
|
Binding–绑定
- Exchange和Exchange、Queue之间的连接关系
- Binding中可以包含RoutingKey或参数
Queue–消息队列
- 消息队列,实际存储消息数据
- Durability:是否持久化,Durable:是,Transient:否
- Auto Delete:如果是yes,则代表当最后一个监听被移除之后,该queue会被自动删除
Message–消息
- 服务器和应用程序之间传送的数据
- 本质上就是一段数据,由Properties和Payload(Body)组成
- 常用属性:delivery mode、headers(自定义属性)
- content_type、content_encoding、priority(优先级)
- correlation_id(消息唯一ID)、reply_to(消息处理失败了返回哪个队列)、expiration(消息过期时间,多久时间没被消费就过期)、message_id
- timestamp、type、user_id、app_id、cluster_id
Virtual Hots–虚拟主机