2.Docker基本使用

Posted on 2023-04-11 Edited on 2024-11-16 In DevOps Views: Word count in article: 2.7k Reading time ≈ 10 mins.

Docker基本使用

基本命令

帮助

docker —help

Docker 的帮助命令是一个万能命令，可以用来查看 Docker 的所有命令。

语法

1	docker [命令] --help

基本信息

docker version

使用 docker version 命令可以查看 Docker 的基本信息。

系统信息

docker info

使用 docker info 命令可以查看 Docker 的系统信息。

Docker镜像

查看所有镜像

docker images

可以使用 docker images 命令查看所有本地主机上的镜像。

该命令等价于 docker image ls。

语法

1	docker images [参数] [镜像[:标签]]

命令后加上 [镜像[:标签]] 可以对镜像进行过滤。

参数

a：显示所有镜像。
q：只显示 ID。

显示所有镜像

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
[root@sail ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
[root@sail ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB

只显示镜像的 ID

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker images -q feb5d9fea6a5

显示所有镜像的 ID

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker images -aq feb5d9fea6a5

对镜像进行过滤

[root@sail ~]# docker images java
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE
[root@sail ~]# docker images hello-world
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
[root@sail ~]# docker images hello-world:latest
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB

结果分析

REPOSITORY：镜像名（镜像仓库源）。
TAG：镜像的标签。
IMAGE ID：镜像的 ID。
CREATED：镜像的创建时间。
SIZE：镜像的大小。

搜索镜像

docker search

语法

1	docker search [参数]

参数

f / -filter：根据过滤条件搜索。

搜索仓库中的镜像，等价于网页搜索。

[root@sail ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11789     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4488      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   882                  [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   92                   
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr…   89                   
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   59                   [OK]
databack/mysql-backup             Back up mysql databases to... anywhere!         53                   
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              44                   [OK]
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                   [OK]
tutum/mysql                       Base docker image to run a MySQL database se…   35                   
linuxserver/mysql                 A Mysql container, brought to you by LinuxSe…   34                   
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   31                   [OK]
mysql/mysql-router                MySQL Router provides transparent routing be…   23                   
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   21                   
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      19                   [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   17                   [OK]
genschsa/mysql-employees          MySQL Employee Sample Database                  8                    [OK]
yloeffler/mysql-backup            This image runs mysqldump to backup data usi…   7                    [OK]
openshift/mysql-55-centos7        DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based MySQL v5.5 image…   6                    
devilbox/mysql                    Retagged MySQL, MariaDB and PerconaDB offici…   3                    
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                3                    [OK]
jelastic/mysql                    An image of the MySQL database server mainta…   2                    
centos/mysql-80-centos7           MySQL 8.0 SQL database server                   2                    
widdpim/mysql-client              Dockerized MySQL Client (5.7) including Curl…   1                    [OK]
vitess/mysqlctld                  vitess/mysqlctld                                1                    [OK]

搜索出 Stars 大于 3000 的

[root@sail ~]# docker search mysql -f=STARS=3000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11789     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4488      [OK]

拉取镜像

docker pull

语法

1	docker pull [参数] 镜像名[:标签]

如果不输入标签，默认拉取最新版镜像。

参数

a：拉取镜像的所有标签。
q：抑制详细输出。

默认下载最新版

[root@sail ~]# docker pull redis
Using default tag: latest # 默认最新版标签
latest: Pulling from library/redis
e5ae68f74026: Pull complete # 分层下载，docker image的核心：联合文件系统
37c4354629da: Pull complete 
b065b1b1fa0f: Pull complete 
6954d19bb2e5: Pull complete 
6333f8baaf7c: Pull complete 
f9772c8a44e7: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:2f502d27c3e9b54295f1c591b3970340d02f8a5824402c8179dcd20d4076b796 #防伪签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:latest
docker.io/library/redis:latest # 真实地址，docker pull redis 等价于 docker pull docker.io/library/redis:latest

指定版本下载

[root@sail ~]# docker pull redis:5.0
5.0: Pulling from library/redis
e5ae68f74026: Already exists # 分层镜像的好处，与之前的版本共用一部分，不用再重复下载
37c4354629da: Already exists 
b065b1b1fa0f: Already exists 
99ab464ba8bb: Pull complete 
eb5bbe3179d2: Pull complete 
2067794f93b6: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:310f81701011175dc868e833d73f539282dd18510ca35d6f7b63c4d33ab4f54e
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:5.0
docker.io/library/redis:5.0

版本来自于官网，版本库 https://hub.docker.com/_/redis

这里输入的标签必须是官网版本库存在的标签，否则无法拉取镜像。

删除镜像

docker rmi

语法

1	docker rmi [参数] 镜像 [镜像...]

参数

f：强制删除。

查看现存镜像

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
redis         5.0       071510791e92   5 days ago     110MB
redis         latest    aea9b698d7d1   6 days ago     113MB
mysql         5.7       738e7101490b   6 days ago     448MB
mysql         latest    bbf6571db497   6 days ago     516MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB

删除一个。可以通过名称，也可以指定 ID，-f 表示强制删除。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f feb5d9fea6a5
Untagged: hello-world:latest
Untagged: hello-world@sha256:cc15c5b292d8525effc0f89cb299f1804f3a725c8d05e158653a563f15e4f685
Deleted: sha256:feb5d9fea6a5e9606aa995e879d862b825965ba48de054caab5ef356dc6b3412

删除多个。用空格分隔 ID。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f 738e7101490b bbf6571db497
Untagged: mysql:5.7
Untagged: mysql@sha256:d1cc87a3bd5dc07defc837bc9084f748a130606ff41923f46dec1986e0dc828d
Deleted: sha256:738e7101490b45decf606211a5437ed87aa6a82f1ff03c354564bf9375ce20f9
Deleted: sha256:addad8cfeac97b96eb6652a576269346ac96def9a6709ed2388e24fff4345837
Deleted: sha256:e288c3439a7e2f423f50bf22979a759371c51a70bbbaa450993c336978460b1a
Deleted: sha256:33ece15accaa3bb20e3dee84e2e4501469b917c3abba3d5475cd1fec8bb3e82c
Deleted: sha256:6b15390bceeca8424d82e75f5c9aca5eb4693f96849d6382168a99747877693d
Untagged: mysql:latest
Untagged: mysql@sha256:ff9a288d1ecf4397967989b5d1ec269f7d9042a46fc8bc2c3ae35458c1a26727
Deleted: sha256:bbf6571db4977fe13c3f4e6289c1409fc6f98c2899eabad39bfe07cad8f64f67
Deleted: sha256:a72da99dce60d6f8d4c4cffa4173153c990537fcdfaa27c35324c3348d55dd5c
Deleted: sha256:8b535d432ef2fbd45d93958347b2587c5cbe334f07d6909ad9d2d480ebbafb65
Deleted: sha256:14d13a3b33fc76839f156cd24b4636dab121e6d3d026cefa2985a4b89e9d4df8
Deleted: sha256:77c21a5a897a1ba752f3d742d6c94ee7c6b0e373fd0aeecc4bf88b9a3982007e
Deleted: sha256:189162becec8bb4588c54fb4ea7e62d20121812e68aeb0291fb4bb5df9ec0985
Deleted: sha256:34980dadfd6a5bb9d7f9e8d4e408000e0a8f4840cc7d3092dc94357ebe7a89b6
Deleted: sha256:15b2beb64a91785c8f3709ecd2410d13577b3174faad164524434ce6a7633506
Deleted: sha256:e38dd14d47b61171927ea4b928f7296123b65a81ad1cfde8f5d00cadf1e81bbb
Deleted: sha256:865abdfd8444741f581ce582e4ac5746c4a00c282febf65aa808a235ec7abf78
Deleted: sha256:b1e35233e1ac953bd06fc8fa83afb3a88c39c1aeae0c89a46cb1b652d6821b38
Deleted: sha256:3bcfdf6641227ff63e3ddf9e38e45cf317b178a50a664e45c6ae596107d5bc46
Deleted: sha256:f11bbd657c82c45cc25b0533ce72f193880b630352cc763ed0c045c808ff9ae1

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED      SIZE
redis        5.0       071510791e92   6 days ago   110MB
redis        latest    aea9b698d7d1   6 days ago   113MB

删除所有。先用 docker images -aq 查询出所有镜像，再使用 docker rmi -f 递归删除。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)
Untagged: redis:5.0
Untagged: redis@sha256:310f81701011175dc868e833d73f539282dd18510ca35d6f7b63c4d33ab4f54e
Deleted: sha256:071510791e929570d7dde405f10b19d47115db05e46901b36b7d91ff978444bf
Deleted: sha256:8c023aca07f849d976f91ff85da1a90d39add83d8d50d358e1ec5177e1371907
Deleted: sha256:4dbec1fb2051b365aa3e6a805a052f2c7b4e9087c46847722f9ea5f12b1be308
Deleted: sha256:c6b1ae6dca0b2730bc0d78727b3a7078fce525bfa37dbb750e31b7a976ca1d99
Untagged: redis:latest
Untagged: redis@sha256:2f502d27c3e9b54295f1c591b3970340d02f8a5824402c8179dcd20d4076b796
Deleted: sha256:aea9b698d7d1d2fb22fe74868e27e767334b2cc629a8c6f9db8cc1747ba299fd
Deleted: sha256:beb6c508926e807f60b6a3816068ee3e2cece7654abaff731e4a26bcfebe04d8
Deleted: sha256:a5b5ed3d7c997ffd7c58cd52569d8095a7a3729412746569cdbda0dfdd228d1f
Deleted: sha256:ee76d3703ec1ab8abc11858117233a3ac8c7c5e37682f21a0c298ad0dc09a9fe
Deleted: sha256:60abc26bc7704070b2977b748ac0fd4ca94b818ed4ba1ef59ca8803e95920161
Deleted: sha256:6a2f1dcfa7455f60a810bb7c4786d62029348f64c4fcff81c48f8625cf0d995a
Deleted: sha256:9321ff862abbe8e1532076e5fdc932371eff562334ac86984a836d77dfb717f5

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE

运行镜像

docker run

语法

1	docker run [参数] 镜像名

参数

--name：指定容器的名称，如果正在运行该名称的容器，会报错。
-rm：用完即删除，通常用来测试。
d：后台方式运行。
it：使用交互方式运行，可以进入容器查看内容。
e：指定运行环境。
p：随机指定端口。
p

：指定容器的端口，如：
1
-p 8080:8080
。还可以有以下写法：
- p ip:主机端口:容器端口
- p 主机端口:容器端口
- p 容器端口

运行 centos 镜像

[root@sail ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
Unable to find image 'centos:latest' locally # 检索本地镜像，发现没有该镜像，则去仓库中搜索。
latest: Pulling from library/centos # 开始从仓库中拉取
a1d0c7532777: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
[root@81c83ea42dc0 /]# ls # 由于是以交互方式运行，且进入 /bin/bash 中，此时的路径即为 centos 容器中的 /bin/bash
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

由此可以看出，容器就是一个微型的 Linux 系统。它只保留了最核心的功能和最基本的命令，方便进行操作。

Docker容器

查看容器

docker ps

语法

1	docker ps [参数]

参数

a：查看所有容器（包括正在运行的和已经停止的）。
n：显示最近创建的容器，设置显示个数。
q：只显示容器的编号。

查看正在运行的容器

1	[root@sail ~]# docker psCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES1aaf76d85b9e centos "/bin/bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute intelligent_proskuriakova

查看所有容器

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
1aaf76d85b9e   centos         "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute                     intelligent_proskuriakova
7ac04abd5a1f   centos         "/bin/bash"   3 minutes ago        Exited (0) 3 minutes ago              elegant_euler
bbb87116d848   centos         "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago        Exited (0) 3 minutes ago              focused_boyd
81c83ea42dc0   centos         "/bin/bash"   28 minutes ago       Exited (0) 19 minutes ago             zealous_proskuriakova
52918b3ce8f6   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      11 days ago          Exited (0) 11 days ago                friendly_ramanujan

显示最近创建的 2 个容器

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a -n=2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED       STATUS                   PORTS     NAMES
1aaf76d85b9e   centos    "/bin/bash"   5 hours ago   Up 5 hours                         intelligent_proskuriakova
7ac04abd5a1f   centos    "/bin/bash"   5 hours ago   Exited (0) 5 hours ago             elegant_euler

只显示容器的 ID

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -aq
1aaf76d85b9e
7ac04abd5a1f
bbb87116d848
81c83ea42dc0
52918b3ce8f6

退出容器

exit

进入容器后，可以使用 exit 退出

[root@sail ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@7ac04abd5a1f /]# exit
exit
[root@sail ~]#

[root@sail ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

由此可见，这样退出后容器也会停止。

Ctrl + P + Q

如果想退出后容器不停止，可以使用 Ctrl + P + Q 快捷键退出。

[root@sail ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@1aaf76d85b9e /]# [root@sail ~]# docker ps # 此时即为使用 Ctrl + P + Q 快捷键的效果
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
1aaf76d85b9e   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 seconds ago   Up 8 seconds             intelligent_proskuriakova

删除容器

docker rm

语法

1	docker rm [参数] 容器 [容器...]

参数

f：强制删除。

删除指定容器（不能删除正在运行的容器）

[root@sail ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED       STATUS       PORTS     NAMES
1aaf76d85b9e   centos    "/bin/bash"   5 hours ago   Up 5 hours             intelligent_proskuriakova

[root@sail ~]# docker rm 1aaf76d85b9e
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container 1aaf76d85b9ee5002411c1ea390fca05819f19dc400e85127731d37455cb0acc. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove

强制删除指定容器

[root@sail ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED       STATUS       PORTS     NAMES
1aaf76d85b9e   centos    "/bin/bash"   5 hours ago   Up 5 hours             intelligent_proskuriakova

[root@sail ~]# docker rm -f 1aaf76d85b9e
1aaf76d85b9e

删除所有容器。先使用 docker ps -aq 获取所有容器的 ID，再调用 docker rm -f 递归删除。

[root@sail ~]# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
7ac04abd5a1f
bbb87116d848
81c83ea42dc0
52918b3ce8f6

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

删除所有容器。使用管道符 | 获取 Docker 相关的所有容器 ID 并使用 docker rm -f 删除。

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm -f
2e61c4578eac
0ebe32ddfa50

启动容器

docker start

查看所有的容器，容器状态为关闭

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   33 seconds ago   Exited (0) 7 seconds ago             centos03

运行关闭的容器

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker start 569026bc0955 569026bc0955

再次查看所有的容器，容器状态为运行

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up 1 second                   centos03

停止容器

docker stop

查看所有的容器，容器状态为运行

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up 1 second                   centos03

关闭运行的容器

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker stop 569026bc0955 569026bc0955

再次查看所有的容器，容器状态为关闭

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 38 seconds ago             centos03

停止所有正在运行的容器。

1	$ sudo docker stop $(sudo docker ps -aq)

重启容器

docker restart

查看所有的容器，容器状态为关闭

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 38 seconds ago             centos03

重启关闭的容器

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker restart 569026bc0955 569026bc0955

再次查看所有的容器，容器状态为运行

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   6 minutes ago   Up 20 seconds             centos03

杀掉容器

docker kill

查看所有的容器，容器状态为运行

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   6 minutes ago   Up 20 seconds             centos03

杀掉运行的容器

1 2	[root@sail ~]# docker kill 569026bc0955 569026bc0955

再次查看所有的容器，容器状态为关闭

1
2
3

[root@sail ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                        PORTS     NAMES
569026bc0955   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago   Exited (137) 15 seconds ago             centos03